UNIT I 
Performance characteristics of instruments, Static characteristics, Accuracy, Resolution, Precision, 
Expected value, Error, Sensitivity. Errors in Measurement, Dynamic Characteristics-speed of response, 
Fidelity, Lag and Dynamic error. DC Voltimeters- Multirange, Range extension/Solid state and differential 
voltmeters, AC voltmeters- multi range, range extension, shunt. Thermocouple type RF ammeter, 
Ohmmeters series type, shunt type, Multimeter for Voltage, Current and resistance measurements. 

UNIT II 
Signal Generator- fixed and variable, AF oscillators, Standard and AF sine and square wave signal 
generators, Function Generators, Square pulse, Random noise, sweep, Arbitrary waveform. 

UNIT III 
Wave Analyzers, Haromonic Distortion Analyzers, Spectrum Analyzers, Digital Fourier Analyzers. 

UNIT IV 
Oscilloscopes CRT features, vertical amplifiers, horizontal deflection system, sweep, trigger pulse, delay 
line, sync selector circuits, simple CRO, triggered sweep CRO, Dual beam CRO, Measurement of amplitude 
and frequency. 

UNIT V 
Dual trace oscilloscope, sampling oscilloscope, storage oscilloscope, digital readout oscilloscope, digital 
storage oscilloscope, Lissajous method of frequency measurement, standard specifications of CRO, probes 
for CRO- Active & Passive, attenuator type, Frequency counter, Time and Period measurement. 

UNIT VI 
AC Bridges Measurement of inductance- Maxwell’s bridge, Anderson bridge. Measurement of capacitance - 
Schearing Bridge. Wheat stone bridge. Wien Bridge, Errors and precautions in using bridges. Q-meter. 

UNIT VII 
Transducers- active & passive transducers : Resistance, Capacitance, inductance; Strain gauges, LVDT, 
Piezo Electric transducers, Resistance Thermometers, Thermocouples, Thermistors, Sensistors. 

UNIT VIII 
Measurement of physical parameters force, pressure, velocity, humidity, moisture, speed, proximity and 
displacement. Data acquisition systems. 

TEXTBOOKS : 
1. Electronic instrumentation, second edition - H.S.Kalsi, Tata McGraw Hill, 2004. 
2. Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques – A.D. Helfrick and W.D. Cooper, PHI, 5th Edition, 2002. 

REFERENCES : 
1. Electronic Instrumentation & Measurements - David A. Bell, PHI, 2nd Edition, 2003. 
2. Electronic Test Instruments, Analog and Digital Measurements - Robert A.Witte, Pearson Education, 2nd Ed., 2004. 
3. Electronic Measurements & Instrumentations by K. Lal Kishore, Pearson Education - 2005.