Polymorphism is something that happens at runtime. In terms of OOP, it's the practice of calling a method, and, at compile time, not knowing which object the method will be called on. The classic example is with Shapes, Circles, Squares, etc. You have a collection of Shapes, each of which is instantiated to a Circle, Square, whatever. The compiler neither knows nor cares which type of Shape you're calling Draw or Erase on at any given time; that determination happens when the program is run.

Method overloading happens at compile time. You have multiple methods with the same name, but different parameters. When you call one of the methods, the compiler will decide which of the overloads best matches based on the parameters you supplied.